![]() ![]() ![]() However, the effective utilization of input solar energy and converted heat under high salinity remains a challenge. Based on these factors, several strategies have been proposed to enhance water evaporation and energy efficiency through developing photothermal materials with effective absorption ability 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, minimizing heat loss and enhancing heat localization 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, providing effect water/steam transport interface or increasing energy output pathway 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and increasing durability and antifouling property in extreme environment 21, 22, 23, 24. ![]() Increasing the energy efficiency from sunlight to water evaporation endotherm, decreasing heat loss and inhibiting pollutant or salt blockage during solar steam generation are critical factors both in fundamental research and further practical implementation of the solar-driven interfacial evaporation system 4. Additionally, energy efficiency and water evaporation are not influenced by salt accumulation thanks to an expanded water film inside the salt, indicating the potential for sustainable and practical applications.įacing the globally occurring water scarcity situation, solar-driven water evaporation or solar steam generation is considered as a promising technology for potential applications in desalination and clean water preparation 1, 2, 3, as solar energy is the only energy input to purify brine or polluted water. The crystalized salt freely stands on the 3D evaporator and can be easily removed. Solar-driven water evaporation rate of 2.63 kg m −2 h −1, with energy efficiency of >96% under one sun illumination and under high salinity (25 wt% NaCl), and water collecting rate of 1.72 kg m −2 h −1 are achieved in purifying natural seawater in a closed system. The spontaneously formed water film, with thickness inhomogeneity and temperature gradient, fully utilizes the input energy through Marangoni effect and results in localized salt crystallization. Here, we propose an energy reutilizing strategy based on a bio-mimetic 3D structure. However, the efficiency is limited by increased salt concentration and accumulation. Solar-driven water evaporation represents an environmentally benign method of water purification/desalination. ![]()
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